How Does Cigarette Smoke Affect Alveoli in the Lungs

How Does Cigarette Smoke Affect Alveoli in the Lungs Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print How Does Cigarette Smoke Affect Alveoli in the Lungs? By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on February 22, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on January 16, 2020 Illustration of alveolar sacs in lungs. Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Alveoli (singular is alveolus) are tiny, delicate air sacs deep within the lungs. They look like little clusters of grapes at the ends of the bronchial branches in the lungs. How Many Alveoli Are in the Lungs? When we inhale, air enters the lungs and travel through passageways to reach 300,000,000 alveoli.?? The size of a single alveolus has an approximate  diameter of 200-500 microns, regardless of lung size.?? As a point of reference, one micron is a millionth of a meter. The diameter of a human hair is about 70 microns, so one alveolus would be close to equal the diameter of three human hairs put together. Tiny! Alveoli contain collagen and elastin.  Collagen offers firmness to the air sac structure and elastin, bounce. When air is inhaled into the lungs, elastin allows alveoli to expand, and upon exhalation, spring back to their original size. The total surface area of all alveoli in a healthy adult set of lungs is approximately 70 square meters, or 800 square feet (approximately the size of half a tennis court).   Function of Alveoli Much of the outside surface area of lung alveoli are  covered with tiny capillaries.?? These capillaries and the walls of alveoli share a very thin membrane that allows oxygen from inhaled air to pass through the walls of alveoli and enter the bloodstream via the capillaries.  At the same time, carbon dioxide is pushed out in the same way when the air is exhaled. The total amount of surface area available for this gas/blood exchange determines how well a person is able to breathe.?? In a normal healthy adult, there is an abundance of available area for this process. Smokers Lungs vs. Normal Healthy Lungs Cigarette Smoking Over time, the toxins from inhaled cigarette smoke break the thin walls of alveoli, leaving larger, less efficient air sacs. The sacs also begin to lose their bounce, making it harder to bring in the oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.?? Both can become partially trapped in the lungs.  In a smoker, this process signals the beginning of emphysema, a form of COPD.   The damage from emphysema cannot be reversed.  Once air sacs are broken, they do not mend. However, if exposure to cigarette smoke  stops soon enough, the damage can be halted.  If smoking continues, there will come a point where lung damage will progress regardless of whether a person stops smoking or not. Good Reasons to Stop Smoking Now The lesson here is to stop smoking as soon as you possibly can.  Every cigarette you smoke is hurting your body in numerous ways. Cigarette smoke is chock full of chemicals that cause cancer and are poisonous.   Some cigarette additives are radioactive and there is evidence that these chemicals leave permanent radioactive deposits in the smokers lungs. Researchers believe this is a contributing factor to the risk of ?lung cancer.?? Once inhaled, cigarette toxins hitch a ride through your bloodstream via the alveoli where they have access to every organ in your body. Its no wonder that cigarette use is linked to so many diseases. There is nothing to recommend smoking.  We think we enjoy it, but its an addiction, plain and simple. Practical Tools to Help You Quit Smoking

The Problems Within The Education System - 989 Words

Racism unfortunately can be seen in almost all aspects of life, and the presence it has in education is detrimental to minorities during vital stages in their life. Not only does this lack of education affect obvious things such as a person s future career, but it also affects their psychology and causes them to be more likely to make poor decisions during their life. Not only do you see racism in most levels of education, but you also see it somewhat taught in the classrooms as well. A lot of speculation has been done on education, trying to determine what is causing racism to continue to be such a problem. Studies have been done for the primary education level, the collegiate level , and even some looking at the bigger picture, politics and the media. Regardless, education plays such a pivotal role in a person s life, so to not give minorities the same education as everyone else you are sabotaging their success. PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM The most obvious place to look for why racism exists so heavily in the education system, is to look at the beginning, primary school. A lack of non-white teachers, a outdated teaching regiment, and lack of knowledge all have led to racism playing such a big role in education. A Lack Of Minority Teachers The most apparent problem seen in the education system is the that the majority of teachers, are white. â€Å"Almost half the students attending public schools are minorities, yet fewer than 1 in 5 of theirShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Education Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesA country is only able to grow and prosper through the education of each successive generation. In essence, the quality of the education system defines the potential of future leaders. Without proper teaching each country could revert, fatal mistakes defining the economy, political climate, and general future of a country for decades. The importance of education is clear meaning no country is free of the scrutiny their education system will undergo; although, some countries have far exceeded expectationsRead MoreEssay on Poor Education is a Cyclical Trap599 Words   |  3 PagesUndoubtedly, the inadequate condition of our country’s education system is cyclical. The level of poverty in the United State s is high; therefore, economic problems prevent many from receiving sufficient education. This deficiency prevents higher levels of learning, which stand in the way of our nation’s economic growth. This situation is simultaneously widespread and continuous. The importance in providing better educational opportunities should be recognized, supported and enforced in our countryRead MoreSpecial Education Or Remedial Education Is A Program Designed1542 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Education or Remedial Education is a program designed to help children who have learning disabilities and mental challenges. Special Education can be very beneficial for certain students; however, because of the diversity within a Special Education classroom students are rarely getting the correct level of education that they need. Most students do not end up not getting the specialized help they need and eventually fall through the cracks. This, along with many other problems, need to fixedRead Mor eEducation: Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo Freire Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pageswith education. However, it also seems that creating a just future would also necessitate the creation of many different systems of government throughout the world. If just one system existed, anyone who would not choose that system for themselves may begin to feel or actually be oppressed for a lack of conformity. Furthermore, some people just have such vastly different ideas of ‘just’ and ‘justice’ that they cannot be combined into one system. Thus, through a sort of dialogical education systemRead MoreCross Cultural Differences Between The United States, Finland, And South Korea Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Education Education plays an important role in our everyday lives. It allows us to have the knowledge and capabilities to perform tasks and overcome challenges in a variety of situations. Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, beliefs, or values. These attributes that are acquired in education helps to get into college, start a career, or can even understand people. Within this research paper I will be examining the cross-cultural differences in education between theRead MoreBecoming a Responsible Citizen? Can Education Help1586 Words   |  7 PagesBecoming a Responsible Citizen? Can Education Help The word education has Greek roots. Ancient philosopher Aristotle defines education as â€Å"a process necessary for the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.† Education is a process of developing a human being into a person who is reasonably informed about the world in which he lives. This enables him to model his life according to the aims and objectives set forth by the cultural and ideological entity of which he or she is aRead MoreAn Undervalued Component Within The Education System1486 Words   |  6 PagesJasmine Baldwin Professor G. Gazelka English 101 210 November 18, 2014 Academic Position Paper Creativity: An undervalued Component within the Education System In the topic of creativity, there is a controversial issue over its place within society. Some authors aggressively argue the importance of establishing creativity as a core skill to be developed within learning institutions. Some writers like Cecelia Conrad who is the vice president of the MacArthur Fellows program, and Richard Florida whoRead MoreRole of Education for National Development1487 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT* Josua Cavalevu Secretary, Prime Ministers Hurricane Relief Committee, Fiji. INTRODUCTION I present these thoughts as a private citizen of Fiji, as one who has some concern for this issue; so in sharing these thoughts with you I admit that I am not an educationist, and really do not have any professional justification for speaking on this subject. All I can claim for myself, however, is an interest in the subject of education in the broadest senseRead MoreThe Program For International Student Assessment1193 Words   |  5 Pagesaction to improve its science and technology education, President Obama recognized that our education system must be improved. In 1957 the Soviet Union became the first nation to launch the world’s first satellite into orbit. Prior to the launch of Sputnik, the United States was complacent in its â€Å"number one† mentality—the Sputnik launch shattered that we were lagging behind the USSR in science and technology. Fast forward to the current state of education in the United State; the PISA report wasRead MoreEducation and labour skills are essential for a fully functioning logistics and supply management1100 Words   |  5 PagesEducation and labour skills are essential for a fully functioning logistics and supply management system. In Southern Africa there is a lack of education and skills within the logistics system, which mea ns unskilled labour and less effectiveness and efficiency. Education is the single most important aspect in order for a country to achieve success and wealth, the more educated people are, the more people can make intelligent and effective decisions about the economy and the logistics and supply

Discover the Lithosphere in Plate Tectonics

In the field of geology, what is the lithosphere? The lithosphere is the brittle outer layer of the solid Earth. The plates of plate tectonics are segments of the lithosphere. Its top is easy to see -- its at the Earths surface -- but the base of the lithosphere is in a transition, which is an active area of research. Flexing the Lithosphere The lithosphere is not totally rigid, but slightly elastic. It flexes when loads are placed on it or removed from it. Ice-age glaciers are one type of load. In Antarctica, for example, the thick ice cap has pushed the lithosphere well below sea level today. In Canada and Scandinavia, the lithosphere is still unflexing where the glaciers melted about 10,000 years ago. Here are some other types of loading: Construction of volcanoesDeposition of sedimentRise in sea levelFormation of large lakes and reservoirs Here are other examples of unloading: Erosion of mountainsExcavation of canyons and valleysDrying up of large water bodiesLowering of sea level The flexing of the lithosphere from these causes is relatively small (usually much less than a kilometer [km]), but measurable. We can model the lithosphere using simple engineering physics, as if it were a metal beam, and get an idea of its thickness. (This was first done in the early 1900s.) We can also study the behavior of seismic waves and place the base of the lithosphere at depths where these waves begin to slow down, indicating softer rock. These models suggest that the lithosphere ranges from less than 20 kilometers  in thickness near the mid-ocean ridges to about 50 km in old oceanic regions. Under the continents, the lithosphere is thicker ... from around 100 to as much as 350 km. These same studies show that underneath the lithosphere is a hotter, softer layer of solid rock named the asthenosphere. The rock of the asthenosphere is viscous rather than rigid and deforms slowly under stress, like putty. Therefore the lithosphere can move across or through the asthenosphere under the forces of plate tectonics. This also means that earthquake faults are cracks that extend through the lithosphere, but not beyond it.   Lithosphere Structure The lithosphere includes the crust (the rocks of the continents and the ocean floor) and the uppermost part of the mantle beneath the crust. These two layers are different in mineralogy but very similar mechanically. For the most part, they act as one plate. Although many people refer to crustal plates, its more accurate to call them lithospheric plates. It appears that the lithosphere ends where the temperature reaches a certain level that causes average mantle rock (peridotite) to grow too soft. But there are many complications and assumptions involved, and we can only say that the temperature would be from about 600 C to 1,200 C. A lot depends on pressure as well as temperature, and the rocks vary in composition due to plate-tectonic mixing. Its probably best not to expect a definitive boundary. Researchers often specify a thermal, mechanical or chemical lithosphere in their papers. The oceanic lithosphere is very thin at the spreading centers where it forms, but it grows thicker with time. As it cools, more hot rock from the asthenosphere freezes onto its underside. Over the course of about 10 million years, the oceanic lithosphere becomes denser than the asthenosphere beneath it. Therefore, most of the oceanic plates are ready for subduction whenever it happens. Bending and Breaking the Lithosphere The forces that bend and break the lithosphere come mostly from plate tectonics. Where plates collide, the lithosphere on one plate sinks down into the hot mantle. In that process of subduction, the plate bends downward as much as 90 degrees. As it bends and sinks, the subducting lithosphere cracks extensively, triggering earthquakes in the descending rock slab. In some cases (such as in northern California) the subducted part can break off completely, sinking into the deep Earth as the plates above it change their orientation. Even at great depths, subducted lithosphere can be brittle for millions of years, as long as it is relatively cool. The continental lithosphere can split, with the bottom part breaking off and sinking. This process is called delamination. The crustal part of the continental lithosphere is always less dense than the mantle part, which in turn is denser than the asthenosphere beneath. Gravity or drag forces from the asthenosphere can pull the crustal and mantle layers apart. Delamination allows the hot mantle to rise and yield melt underneath parts of a continent, causing widespread uplift and volcanism. Places like Californias Sierra Nevada, eastern Turkey and parts of China are being studied with delamination in mind.

Case Analysis Nike the Sweatshop Debate Free Essays

CASE ANALYSIS NIKE THE SWEATSHOP DEBATE Summary of the Facts Nike was established in 1972 by former University of Oregon track star Phil Knight. †¦ Nike has $10 billion in annual revenues and sells its products in 140 countries. †¦ Nike has been dogged for more than a decade by repeated accusations that its products are made in sweatshops where workers, many of them children, slave away in hazardous conditions for less than subsistence wages. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis Nike the Sweatshop Debate or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¦ Many reporters, TV shows, companies and organizations have repeatedly exposed negative comments towards Nike. For example, a â€Å"48 Hours† news report aired on October 17, 1996 regarding a Nike factory in Vietnam, which was visited by reporter Roberta Baskin. The reporter discovered that Nike hired millions of workers who are literate, disciplined, and desperate for jobs at wages lower than minimum wage. Another example of the criticism against Nike came from a newsletter published by Global Exchange. The newsletter uncovered that the majority of Nike shoes were made in Indonesia and China, countries with governments that prohibit independent unions and set the minimum wage at rock bottom. †¦ In September 1997, Global Exchange published a report on working conditions at four Nike and Reebok subcontractors in southern China. †¦ In November 1997, the organization obtained and then leaked a confidential report by Ernst Young of an audit that Nike had commissioned of a factory in Vietnam owned by a Nike subcontractor. †¦ Nike formulated a number of strategies and tactics to deal with the problems of working conditions and pay in subcontractors. †¦ In early 1997, Nike also began to commission independent organizations such as Ernst Young to audit the factories of its subcontractors. Finally, on May 12, 1998 Nike founder Phil Knight spelled out a series of initiatives designed to improve working conditions for the 500,000 people that make products for Nike through subcontractors. †¦ Even though Nike has admitted there have been problems in some overseas factories and has attempted to do things to rectify the problems, the company continues to be a target of protests and a symbol of dissent. Statement of the Problem On the May 12, 2001, Nike’s CEO Phil Knight made six commitments to improving the working conditions in Nike’s international All Nike shoe factories will meet the U.? actories. The six commitments were: The minimum age for Nike factory workers will be raised to 18 for footwear?†¦ Nike will include non-government? factories and 16 for apparel factories. organizations in its factory monitoring, with summaries of that monitoring Nike will expand its worker education program, making? released to the public. free high school equivale ncy courses available to all workers in Nike footwear Nike will expand its micro-enterprise loan program to benefit four? factories. housand families in Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Thailand. †¦ Nike has yet to hold up to these commitments they made to its workers and customers. Nike continues to be criticized by human rights organizations and the media because they have ignored demands that labor and human rights groups have requested. †¦ Causes of the Problem Nike has treated sweatshop allegations as an issue of public relations rather than human rights. †¦ Nike has not released documentation to date of their reports from the working conditions in the factories. . How to cite Case Analysis Nike the Sweatshop Debate, Papers

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Research Paper Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet and both films were produced to please the audience of the time. Shakespeares play was written to entertain the people of 1600, Franco Zeffirellis film was set at the same time as Shakespeare play, and set in Verona, where as Baz Luhrmanns was set slightly into the future, Baz Luhrmanns film was set at Verona Beech, in America, this is aimed to interest the younger generations of today who might not want to watch a film which is based on a play written 400 years ago by Shakespeare. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann have made the connection with the idea courtly love written about in Shakespeares play, which wasnt traditional when the films were made. Courtly love is where a young man would fall in love with a woman of higher social class, or married, either way unattainable to the young man. The whole point of Rosline in the play was to illustrate/demonstrate courtly love to the audience, but then Romeo falls in love with Juliet, a true love. Courtly love was a middle age and Elizabethan, European tradition. Even though Baz Luhrmanns is set in America, it still carries the tradition. Both plays miss out parts which was in Shakespeares play, Franco Zeffirelli misses out the apothecary, this is to show his focus on getting to Juliets tomb. In Baz Luhrmanns he overlooks the fight between Romeo and Paris this is because if he killed Paris and dragged him into the church to lie next to Juliet it would take the focus of Romeo and Juliet when they are dead and lying next to each other. Act five, scene one, in Shakespeares play is set in a street in Mantua, and its Thursday, in Franco Zeffirellis sets this scene similar to how you would imagine it, its set in a big house, its dull, and sets the mood of sadness. But in Baz Luhrmanns film sets the scene one, in a squatters camp in the desert, and its sunny. Shakespeares play has an apothecary in, where Romeo gets the poison Baz Luhrmanns film also has this in, but Franco Zeffirellis film has no apothecary in, Romeo just produces the poison when it is needed. Scene two in Shakespeares play was set in Friar Lawrences cell, its approximately dusk on Thursday. In Franco Zeffirellis film scene two is missed out, the two Friars do not have a conversation, Franco Zeffirelli shows this scene by Romeo and Balthasar passing Friar John on his donkey. In Baz Luhrmanns film the post office replaces Friar John. Baz Luhrmann also uses juxtaposition of scenes to show it is all starting to go wrong. It quickly switches from scene to scene to show the Friar panicking that Romeo hasnt got the letter, then the scene switches to Romeo and Balthasar being chased by the police. This creates urgency and chaos, it gives you the feeling the plan is going to go wrong. Scene three  in Shakespeare play is set in a churchyard, outside the tomb of the Capuletts, its Thursday evening. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann didnt include the fight between Romeo and Paris in their films, Baz Luhrmanns ending to the film is totally different to how you would imagine it to be. In Baz Luhrmanns film, the police are chasing Romeo as soon as he enters Verona, In neither Shakespeares play or Franco Zeffirellis film is Romeo known to be in Verona, until the end, when he is found dead. In Baz Luhrmanns film there is no fight with Paris, but when he is going into the church he has a hostage, who he threatens with a gun and says the famous quote tempt not a desperate man Once he gets to the door of the church he lets the hostage go, the hostage is a random person which was coming out of the church. Once Romeo gets into the church the police seem to fade away, this is because Baz Luhrmann used the idea of sanctuary to connect the film with Shakespeares play, and beliefs of the time. Sanctuary was where if someone stepped foot inside church, even criminals people in authority couldnt harm them in there or take them out if they was unwilling. Essay William Shakespeare 's Hamlet - Madness EssayShe seems to have just followed the directors said to do and not acted to her full ability. This is also the same for Romeo, his character comes across as fake, the actor doesnt act as you would expect Romeo to behave. In Baz Luhrmanns film there are gaps in-between when she cries, talks, and kills herself, giving you time to think about what is happening, so you get  the full impact of what is happening. Romeos character is acted well, he behaves as you imagine Romeo to behave, sincere and full of emotions. This is shown in his childish love for Rosline and his true love for Juliet. Another difference is that in Shakespeares play you would have probably seen Juliet kill herself, in Franco Zeffirellis you see her kill herself, but in Baz Luhrmanns you dont see her kill herself, it jumps to a different scene, outside the church, where you hear the gun shot. The scene of the church is from the sky, where the church looks big and daunting, its dark outside, then you realise just how important the church is to the rest of the town. After you hear the gun shot the scene jumps from outside the church to inside the church, were you see Juliet and Romeo are dead, the alter where they lie is in the shape of a cross, with candles around them, so you could say that they were sacrificed for the peace of the families. And it goes to flashbacks of when they was happy and together Shakespeare backs of when they was together and happy. They are taken out of the of the church on stretchers, covered by a white cloth, as this is happening, captain prince makes a speech, to the families, people standing by and the cameras this is the speech the prince makes in the tomb in Shakespeares play, and in Franco Zeffirellis is, again, made by the prince, standing on some stairs at the end of the death march, where the death bell is rang, but in Baz Luhrmanns film it is made by the prince first then subsequently by a news reader. As the newsreader is reading the speech the television starts to shrink. The language in Baz Luhrmanns film was similar to the language used in Shakespeares play, and was easy to understand because of the way it was acted out more clearly. Baz Luhrmanns film had much more Shakespearean in than Franco Zeffirellis, Franco Zeffirellis film was a bit harder to understand because you was trying to work out what the actors were doing.

Exam Study Guide free essay sample

Hemostasis: know the steps leading to hemostasis, know the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, know the steps in the common pathway that lead to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Steps: 1. Vascular Spasm: a sudden, brief tightening of the muscle cells inside the walls of a blood vessel. 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting) Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathways: 1. Extrinsic mechanism: triggered by tissue damage outside of the blood vessel 2. Intrinsic mechanism: triggered by elements that lie within the blood inself Blood Types: ABO: -. Antigens: protein marker on surface of RBC Antibody: protein produced by immune system to destroy or mark for destruction by other cells of foreign objects Transfusions: Packed red blood cells are usually used Donor RBC’s are mixed with the recipient plasma Type O neg is the universal donor Type AB is the universal recipient Rh: understand hemolytic disease of the newborn * Rh- mom has Rh+ baby * Blood mixes at birth, during delivery * Rh Ag from the baby gets into mother’s blood, causing her to make Rh Ab * If mom has 2nd Rh+ child the Rh Ab crosses the placenta, causing HDN Heart Heart anatomy: know the chambers, valves, and great vessels and the order of blood flow through these structures Chambers: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. Left atrium 4. Left ventricle Valves: 1. AV valves: a. Bicuspid (mitral) – Left b. Tricuspid – Right 2. Semilunar valves a. Aortic – Left b. Pulmonic – Right Great Vessels: 1. Inferior amp; Superior vena cava Right Atrium 2. Pulmonary artery lungs 3. Pulmonary veins left atrium 4. Aorta systemic arteries (the body) Steps of blood flow through the heart: 1. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae 2. Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle 3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk 5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen 6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium 7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle 8. Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open 9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta 0. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide 11. Blood returns to heart via venae cavae Cardiac cycle: know the four phases of the cycle, which valves are open or closed at each part of the cycle 4 phases of the cycle: 1. Ventricular filling (last part of diastole and artrial systole) 2. Isovolumetric contraction (means same volume) 3. Ventricular ejection (systo le continues) 4. Isovolumetric relaxation (beginning of diastole) Systole: contraction of the myocardium Diastole: relaxation of the myocardium Heart failure: know what it is and understand the relationship of pulmonary edema or systemic edema to the failure of either ventricle Right Side 1. Left ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue ** Right Sided failure causes peripheral edema Left Side 1. Right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue ** Left Sided failure causes pulmonary edema Blood Vessels Vascular anatomy: know the similarities and differences of the three different types of blood vessels 1. Arteries: always take blood away from the heart (high pressure) 2. Veins: return blood to the heart (low pressure) 3. Capillaries between arteries and veins (very thin walled to allow gas/nutrient exchange) Anastomoses: understand collateral circulation as it relates to intra-arterial or intravenous anastomoses, understand the AV anastomoses (shunts) and portal systems Collateral Circulation – insures blood flow in the event of an obstruction Arterio-Venous anastomosis (shunt)- warm blood is shunted to prevent heat loss Exam Study Guide free essay sample The ‘XYZ ‘ company will is beginning a new project. The project requires an initial Investment in fixed assets of $35,000. The assets will have a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of the 5 year project. The asset will be depreciated, straight line, over that period. The impact of the project will be an increase in revenue of $30,000 and cost of $17,000 each year. The working capital of the company will need to be higher than normal by $1,000 each year of the project. The tax rate is 34 %. What is the operating cash flow? What is the project’s net present value at a 20% discount rate? 2. Your company has 100,000 shares of common stock outstanding with a market price of $30 a share. Last month an annual dividend of $1. 32 per share was paid. The dividend growth rate is 5%. You also have 5,000 bonds outstanding with a face value of $1,000 per bond. The bond carries an 8% coupon rate annual and will mature in 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam Study Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8 years. The bonds are selling at 99% face value. The company tax rate is 32%. What is the weighted average cost of capital? 3. Pick between these two alternatives? A. )a machine costing $52,000 with a life of 4 years, that increases operating cost by $10,000 per year and B. )a machine costing $40,000 with a life of 5 years, that increases operating cost by $9,000. The tax rate is 34%. The depreciation method is straight line. Whichever machine is purchased will be replaced at the end of the useful life. Which one should be purchased and why? The required rate of return is 16%. 5. What is the total contribution margin and per unit of the following? A project that will create 1000 units of a produce. The cost per Year is $15,000 of which a third is variable. Depreciation is $500 per year. There are no taxes and sales will be $30,000. 6. You have 500 share of stock at a price of $63. 45 a share with quarterly dividends of $. 40 per share that have paid out 3 times so far. You sell the stock for $$58. 25. What is your total percentage return on investment? . What is the beta of stock B if: portfolio beta is 1. 1 and the portfolio is made up of 30% U. S. treasuries, 30% stock A and 40% in stock B. Stock A has a risk level equivalent to the overall market. 8. Project has cash flows of $35,400 a year for 4 years. Initial cost of the fixed assets is $82,000 and will be worthless at the end of the project. Additional net working capital of $3,000 will be required over the life of the project. What is the NPV at a required rate of return of 12%.

Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership

Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership Introduction Leadership in an organisation determines the success that the organisation realises in any activity that it undertakes. A leader provides direction to any group in an organisational setting. He or she leads the group towards the achievement of the set organisational goals.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The frameworks used in leadership are dependent on the organisational environment and the individuals who are in a leadership position. It is important for these individuals to adopt a framework that suits the organisations in which they currently work. Another concept that is demonstrated to have significant results for any organisation is the presence of teams that are focused towards the achievement of the organisational goals. The teams should have an effective leadership. Transformational leadership is one of the maj or frameworks of leadership in organisations. According to Bass (1996, p. 11), transformational leadership is manifested when leaders in various positions use their influence on individuals to move them to a certain goal that is beyond the leader’s self-interest. This report focuses on transformational leadership and team leadership using an appropriate case study. The purpose is to evaluate the use of the two frameworks in organisations and their weaknesses and strengths in practice. Leadership Case Study The leadership challenge that was chosen is a personal experience as a manager in a project undertaken by the current organisation. In this case, the project manager was the leader, with the group being led consisting of over twenty members. The group had different responsibilities in the project. The organisation required an upgrade of the IT systems that were currently in use, including the rebranding of one of the organisation’s products. The requirements included a website that was to be developed by some of the members in the group, development of new marketing tactics, and ways to increase the sales for the company. The group was to hold meetings regularly to discuss the project developments and the necessary changes. The leader chaired these meetings. Members were required to contribute positively by suggesting the appropriate measures to be taken in bringing about change. The team leader was also charged with the responsibility of reporting the development of the project to the organisational managers. The employees had a duty to undertake the key tasks that were required under the project, including the actual upgrade process. Some of the strategies that the leader used to inspire this team included the provision of adequate working conditions where they did not interfere with the activities of the project. The leader also ensured that the team members were role models to the junior employees, including their conduct during the meeting s and other interaction areas. The leader also had the role of emphasising some aspects of the project such as the intended changes and the vision that is to be achieved in the project.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the challenges that occurred in the course of the project in relation to leadership include the disagreement between employees on the best methods of performing certain activities. The employees constantly engaged each other on whose project was better suited to oversee the transformation of the organisation. The other important role of the leader was to solve differences between employees. There were different races in the workforce, with diversity existing in the project. The other challenge is the implementation of some of the agreed terms in the contract, which required that the project areas be completed on time. This requirement nee ded the cooperation between the leader and the other employee since working as a team was the only way to beat the deadlines. The leader ensured that the personal visions were shared among employees while also encouraging them to have these values in their daily operations. The project risks were also important to the leadership, which ensured that these risks were shared with the employees and other collaborating individuals. Despite the leader being open and close to the employees, there was also a display of power to indicate to them that he was in control. Another value practiced by the leadership is inspirational leadership whereby the leader was involved in motivating employees by recognising and rewarding their hard work. Leadership Activities The leader in this context had a number of responsibilities and activities that he was supposed to undertake. One of the major responsibilities was to lead the project and offer direction that the project was to take. The leader was als o the head of every meeting that was carried out. He developed the objectives of the meeting. The other activities that he was to undertake include monitoring the workers and the progress of the project. He was supposed to be a motivator for these individuals by offering guidance on some of the issues that affected them during the project (Grant Berry 2011). The resolution of disputes was also his responsibility as a way of allowing the coexistence of the employees in a mutually fulfilling environment. The team, which consisted of the leader and other employees, would regularly meet to discuss the project progress and any changes that were to be instituted. The team also discussed the areas that each of the individuals was supposed to be operating in and the progress of this section as a component of the total project.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Transformation Leadership and Team Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another activity that the project team was allowed to undertake was to offer recommendations to the leader on the areas that were necessary to change. The different members of the team had different responsibilities in the project. Each of these members was required to have fulfilled the responsibilities required of him or her. The leader had the responsibility of motivating the employees working under him. To achieve this goal, some of the methods that were necessary include employee appraisal and recommendation for rewarding (Grant Berry 2011). The leader was also accountable for the team. He was charged with reporting the project progress to the organisation, requesting for resources, and providing a statement of commitment to the organisation leadership on behalf of the team. The team being analysed had the responsibility of influencing the leader and ensuring that he was directing the activities to be undertaken. The team, which consisted of the leader and t he workers beneath him, was required to deliver an upgraded information technology system to the organisation. Some of the necessary activities in this process included website development and hosting, marketing of the website and the organisational products, and increasing the organisational efficiency. Important activities also included providing feedback on the performance of the new installed systems and the expected changes in terms of consumer preference. Leadership Dimensions Analysis The type of leadership displayed in any organisation can be analysed in a number of ways using the different dimensions of leadership (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). In the above case study, the two important leadership dimensions that can be applied include transformational leadership and team leadership. Transformational leadership In this leadership dimension, leaders achieve the desired organisational strategies and targets through influencing employees positively (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). Transformational leadership achieves new changes in an organisation through the available resources in the organisation in terms of human resource. According to Ishikawa (2012), this form of leadership is beneficial to the organisation because it leads to the introduction of better practices and organisational culture. Transformational leadership also influences the output of employees in the organisation by increasingly motivating them in the direction of the organisational objectives.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the organisation covered in this case study, the leader displayed several characteristics of a transformational leader. The five behaviours that a leader should exhibit in transformational leadership may be analysed using Kouzes and Posner’s (2010) model of leadership behaviours. In this model, Kouzes and Posner (2010) listed five groups of behaviours that a leader should express, including modelling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the processes in place, enabling others to act, and encouraging them. These elements comprise some component areas that leaders should satisfy before they can be branded as being transformational. The project leader demonstrated this leadership by being an example for the employees working under him. As Kouzes and Posner (2010) confirm, a leader is only effective at the workplace if he or she can influence employees to work towards the organisational goals. The leader is the main example for the employees in the activities that t hey (employees) are to undertake. In the project that was being undertaken, the initial strategies involved the creation of rules, just like in any other organisation. The team was also expected to adhere to the basic rules in the organisation. The leader was charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the employees kept these rules. A transformative leader ensures that the rules in the organisation are respected, like any other leader in any capacity (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer 2013). The initial meetings held by the team also involved making commitments to the project, with the leader making promises to the group. Transformational leadership ensures that the promises and commitments are fulfilled, with the leader being a role model in this area (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). A major activity in transformational leadership that the project leader engaged in is seeking feedback from key employees and project stakeholders. Feedback allows the management to institute any cha nge that is necessary for the organisation, especially a change that can lead to better project results (Ertureten, Cemalcilar Aycan 2013). A transformational leader is one that builds consensus when it comes to organisational values (Kouzes Posner (2010). In this case, the leader was expected to fulfil the values set for the project by the organisational management. These values were communicated to the group in some of the meetings held with the leader to build consensus around the same. The philosophy of leadership is important to understand in the position of leadership. Leaders should be focused on this philosophy. In the above project, the leader was required to exercise the leadership qualities that are expected of him. Kouzes and Posner (2010) stated that a leader should inspire a vision that is shared with the employees. The IT upgrade project had a focused vision that could be achieved by the time of completion. The leader had the responsibility to inspire this vision as stated by Kouzes and Posner (2010). This deliverable was partly done in the project, with the leadership requiring change to achieve the optimum change results. Some of the characteristics that indicated that the leader was actively inspiring the project vision include the frequent talks on the trend of the project and the future expectations. The leader constantly reminded the employees of the future image of the project while engaging them to share this vision. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), a transformational leader is one that demonstrates to the other employees and those beneath him in the hierarchy that the vision can be realised. He also paints the bigger picture for the team on the aspirations that it should have (Kouzes Posner 2010).This form of leadership was displayed in the project where the values were emphasised in the meetings held for the project employees. A leader should also challenge the existing processes to ensure that the employees increase their eff iciency (Kouzes Posner 2010). The project leadership in the case study had different ways of challenging the existing processes in the project. One of the utilised ways was the provision of opportunities that are considered challenging to the employees. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), the establishment of such opportunities makes the employees more skilful at their workplace and in carrying out the designated activities. The leader kept challenging the employees to try new methods of achieving better results in the project. Some of the ways that were suggested to the employees and other project stakeholders were sought from different organisations. According to Kouzes and Posner (2010), this method of changing processes is an effective one, which leads to the development of positive results in any organisation that adopts it. Sarwar (2013) also states that transformational leaders can use processes that are already in use in other organisations to bring about change in their respective organisations. According to Oozes and Posner (2010), another way to bring about change to processes in an organisation is to set goals and strategic plans on how the objectives are to be achieved. This strategy was widely practiced in the leadership manifested in the above case study. A transformational leader should be able to influence employees while posting better results by facilitating the activities of other employees. Oozes and Posner (2010) suggested ways to achieve this goal such as the fostering of cooperation between the leader and employees under him. Listening to the views of each of the employees or supporting their decisions is another important part of transformational leadership (Sarwar 2013). The leader in the case study used these methods to ensure that the employees working under him were working towards the achievement of the goals set in the organisation. Apart from instituting changes in the organisation, a transformational leader also brings abou t change to the employees (Sarwar 2013). One way that the leader can institute this change is by encouraging employees to pursue self-improvement strategies such as engaging in training activities (Sarwar 2013). The leader also needs to encourage employees to accomplish tasks (Sarwar 2013). This plan was applied in the leadership capacity in the above organisation. The leader also celebrated the accomplishments of the employees working in the project by rewarding them for an extra effort that they put towards this project. Team Leadership Team leadership is another key concept that was applied in the project discussed in the case study. The team comprised engineers working on the project, IT specialists, and the supporting staff. The employees were also diverse, with all sexes and most of the races being represented. The other characteristic of this team that was important in its working as a group was the leadership applied in the organisation, specifically in the project. Accordin g to Quigley (2013), the leadership of a team requires a leader to consider the differences in the team and promote the positive coexistence of the members of the team. In the case of the above project, the project leader was also the team leader who was required to have the needs of all members of this team considered and all their needs met. According to Park and Kwon (2013), a team leader should have adequate knowledge on how to direct the staff. He or she should adopt a policy development process that is favourable to the objectives of the organisation. In this case, the leader was required to have the right ideas on the project. He needed to have adequate knowledge of the processes to be undertaken. The leadership in the project was well informed on the project details. The leader made decisions regarding the necessary changes. The team leader should also have strong interpersonal skills to ensure that he gets the most out of the team (Quigley 2013). This strategy involves inte racting openly and widely with each member of the team and knowing the members’ preferences and requirements in the processes. The team leader in the above project knew most of the members. He had interacted with them on a large scale. However, the leader could have done better to ensure that the employees worked as a team. A team leader in any project such as the one above should know the amount of resources needed to achieve the project goals (Quigley 2013). The leader displayed this expertise in the project. The project required the team to carry out activities within strict deadlines that had been agreed between the leader and the team as a whole. This observation was a positive reflection of the team leadership skills of the above leader since Quigley (2013) states that good team leaders have strong organisational skills. A team leader encourages the team to meet deadlines while maintaining the quality of work in the process of meeting these deadlines. Another favourable characteristic of a good team leader is that he or she is able to promote the organisation’s image to the team and stakeholders including clients. Leaders should use all available means to achieve the above results including innovation and new policies. Areas of Improvement Although the leadership skills demonstrated in the above project are adequate, some areas need improvement. The improvement should be tailored to improve the leadership skills in the area of transformational leadership and team leadership. One area that needs improvement is the interaction between employees and the leader together with how the leader engages employees to achieve the goals set in the project. Grant and Berry (2011) confirm that a leader should be able to achieve collaboration with the employees and individuals beneath him in the hierarchy. In the project described above, the leader needs to ensure that he is aware of the challenges affecting the employees and the diversity issues in existe nce. Another area of improvement is the process of providing feedback to the employees in their performance. The employees in the project were not adequately provided with feedback on the activities that they were undertaking in the project. The leader needs to ensure that he uses this feedback to institute the necessary changes to the project processes (Quigley 2013). There is also need to institute changes in the planning ability for this leader. A leader should set goals for the team while ensuring that the goals are realised within a favourable period (Quigley 2013). These goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, and time bound (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). The leader needs to make changes on the way he or she directs employees. There is a need for effective communication between the project leader and the employees working under him (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). Communication methods constitute the most effective measures to undertake change in any organi sational framework or activity. The other area that the project leader should improve on his team leadership capabilities is motivation for the team members. Motivation has been associated with improved performance of employees at the workplace (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). Team leaders should adopt it as a means of ensuring increased efficiency and improved performance. In general, the leadership qualities displayed in line with the leadership dimensions were adequate. If the proposed changes are effected, the leader can manage a larger project more efficiently. Summary Some leadership lessons can be obtained from this case based on their applicability in the future leadership positions with reference to the two dimensions of leadership. A transformational leader should target to influence employees to achieve new methods of doing things in the organisation. These methods should lead to the positive performance of the organisation as a whole. Some of the suggested features o f transformational leadership that are applicable in leadership of projects include setting examples in the organisation, providing feedback to the team, fulfilling the promises and commitments, and demonstrating high standards of leadership. A leader should also develop strategies that aid in the achievement of goals. These strategies include development of an organisation’s objectives. Leaders should also create an environment where employees can share their dreams (Christ, Emett, Summers Wood 2012). The leader in a project or any organisation should create opportunities to challenge the employees on special areas so that they can contribute to their own self-improvement. An effective transformational leader also seeks better practices that can be implemented to improve the organisation. Team leaders encourage their team. They ensure that members are working towards achieving the goals of this team. They also provide the necessary resources for the team. Team leaders treat their members with dignity and respect. Besides, they value the contribution of each of the members. The choices that the members make are respected, including encouraging them to improve on the job. Rewarding is a useful way of motivating employees and teams towards achieving positive results. Conclusion Leadership is an important part of organisation. It is different from management in several ways. The two dimensions of leadership that were focused on in this report are the transformational leadership and team leadership. In the case study, the leader directs the functions of a group that is tasked with the upgrade of the information technology system in an organisation. Some of the characteristics of transformational leadership and team leadership that are evident in this leadership have been discussed in the report. The report also offers recommendations on the areas of improvement. References Bass, B 1996, A New Paradigm of Leadership: An Inquiry Into Transformational Leaders hip, Army Research Institute for the Behavioural and Social Sciences, Alexandria, VA. Choudhary, A, Akhtar, S Zaheer, A 2013, Impact of Transformational and Servant Leadership on Organisational Performance: A Comparative Analysis, Journal Of Business Ethics, vol. 116 no. 2, pp. 433-440. 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