Maxine Hong Kingston: `No Name Woman`

In the story ‘No Name Woman’, Maxine Hong Kingston describes unique experience of women in China and social relations existing in the Chinese society. The continued existence of the â€Å"traditional† Chinese family pattern or some reasonable compromise thereof is often explained as necessary to the Chinese way of life, when, in fact, the way of life referred to has ceased to exist. This sometimes leads an author to ignore the fact that the family referred to may be a survival of an institution past its time as a functional prerequisite of the system in which it occurs rather than a prerequisite of the general system currently extant. The story vividly portrays social life of Chinese village people, oppression and male dominance affecting family relations and destinies of women. The main questions are: What is the role of a family unit and an individual in Chinese society? What is the impact of social status and position of women on family structure and sexual relations?, What is the role of economic relations in Chinese village and their impact on a family unit? The story can be interpreted as a historical discourse which unveils family structure and family relations excising in the society. From the story, readers know that in each kinship structure there are certain generalized structural requirements which must be satisfied if the structure is to continue its existence. Maxine Hong Kingston depicts that it is essential that some distinctions on a sexual basis be brought out in every kinship structure, but the same is also true for the society as a whole. Kingston describes: All the village were kinsmen, and the titles shouted in loud country voices never let kinship be forgotten. Any man within visiting distance would have been neutralized as a lover-â€Å"brother †¦ .. younger brother,† â€Å"older brother†Ã¢â‚¬â€œone hundred and fifteen relationship titles (Kingston n.d.). The role differentiation of women relative to men in the kinship structure can never vary independently of that for women in the society at large. The question of education in terms of family structure is an extremely broad and complex subject addressed by Kingston. Three factors are always of great importance in such educational structures. In general, these are: (1) the content of the education, (2) the methods by which it is taught, and (3) the person or persons who carry out the teaching. There is a tendency to devote a larger proportion of one's concern to what is taught than to the other two categories (Stockman 27). Kingston describes that the methods used, the systems of rewards and punishments by which the learning process is bolstered, and the roles of the primary teachers are of equal importance. The above remarks apply to family education in general and that of children raised from birth within the family in particular. Some special mention must also be made of the education of members brought into the family from outside at a more mature age. There are two major types of such individuals–those brought in by adoption and those brought in by marriage. The former may be brought in while quite young, and the earlier the age at which the adoption is made the more closely do the educational features of the case resemble those of the raising of other children (Shu 199). To the degree that the adopted person is mature, and always in the case of marriage, there is the problem of introducing the new member to the specific family personalities and the particular family situation in which the new member will in future act. Kingston tells readers that: When the family found a young man in the next village to be her husband, she had stood tractably beside the best rooster, his proxy, and promised before they met that she would be his forever. She was lucky that he was her age and she would be the first wife, an advantage secure now (Kingston, n.d.). There is in all family systems a specifically institutionalized method of integration of new members, though the rigidity of the system and the sphere of action covered by it may vary enormously. In these respects, the introduction of new members via marriage is far more important than any other mode of their introduction. â€Å"Maxine’s aunt, face blame for exposing their communities to the threat of death or actual death in relation to outside forces† (Griffiths 353). The other major mode, adoption, never occupies so strategic a role numerically, since in every family there must be at least one such introduction by marriage, whereas adoption is not necessarily so ubiquitous in family systems. Role differentiation in family structure is depicted as the distribution of persons among the various positions and activities distinguished in the kinship structure and hence the differential arrangement of the members of the structure. This immediately raises the question of the terms on which differential arrangement is made. â€Å"Brothers and sisters, newly men and women, had to efface their sexual color and present plain miens. Disturbing hair and eyes, a smile like no other, threatened the ideal of five generations living under one roof† (Kingston, n.d.). Kingston depicts that the members of society must always recognize some structure of role differentiation and orient their action to it. Therefore, although the primary basis of a given role differentiation might be, for example, political, the phenomena involved cannot be understood solely in terms of the political variable. Whatever the basis of the differential arrangement of members in a society or group, the action of members of the group and of outsiders in their relations with this group must in part be specifically oriented to this inescapable arrangement. Thus differentiation may be to a marked degree interdependent with one or more of the other four structures to be discussed here, but it is never a dependent variable of one or of any combination of them. Before going further into this aspect of role differentiation, however, a word or so more needs be said on the functional background of the phenomenon (Lee 17). First, there is the distribution of individuals among the total number of positions of whatever sort in the structure under consideration. This must be done regardless of how numerous or varied either the positions or the individuals may be (Shapiro 5). The number and variety of both categories will, of course, have substantial effect upon the concrete result, but the status of the requirement as a requirement is not affected by these considerations. The line drawn between the sexes in these respects is sharp and is one of the main factors in the consideration of the family problems. There are, of course, other possibilities of variation along these lines. One other interesting aspect of role differentiation on a basis of sex distinction is that it is so frequently a focus for stress in changing social systems. This usually puts considerable pressure on those patterns which institutionalize a sex differential regardless of objective criteria. â€Å"My aunt could not have been the lone romantic who gave up everything for sex. Women in the old China did not choose† (Kingston, n.d.). This is apt to be peculiarly true when the changes being made are in the direction of industrialization. The institutional basis of industrialized societies must lay peculiar stress on the differentiation of individuals on a universalistic basis. Economic allocation in kinship structure has been defined above as the distribution of the goods and services making up the income of the units of the structure and of the goods and efforts making up the output of the units of the structure among the various members of the units. Economic activities and interrelations, insofar as their sphere is confined to kinship orientations, are best studied for present purposes as they operate within the family. There are, of course, all sorts of economic relations defined in the relational approach to kinship, but, changing as this does with every change of ego, description of the relations is confined to descriptions of ego's relations with other specific relatives, and any systematic operations of kinship groups fall from the picture (Stockman 67). To survive physically, the members of these groups must obtain and distribute these requirements. â€Å"In the village structure, spirits shimmered among the live creatures, balanced and held in equilibrium by time and land† (Kingston, n.d.). The story portrays that the members of the familial and family groups must have food, shelter, clothing, and similar necessities if they are to survive physically. â€Å"In patriarchal culture, these stories function within what Sandra Lee Bartky has called a â€Å"pedagogy of shame† that instructs young girls to learn about the inherent danger and corruption of their bodies† (Griffiths 353). These requirements are not in the nature of free goods as that concept is defined by the economists, and even if they were, the problem of distribution would still arise in the social context to offset the effect of jealousies which might well arise no matter how homogeneous the articles concerned might be intrinsically, and so forth. The link between the family groups and the larger economic aspects of the society as a whole has an additional importance since the status of the entire family in industrialized societies tends to be largely dependent upon the occupational role of the member or members upon whom the group depends for the bulk of its support. The second question of the directness of the contribution to the family needs has as its limiting case the self-sufficient agricultural family. Here the family might produce all it consumed without reference to exchange for any purpose with individuals or groups outside the family. The situation of the modern industrial worker's family is at great variance with this since the overwhelming bulk of the income in this case is in the form of money power–earned for work having no necessary connection with the goods and services for which they are spent (Stockman 76). Critics admit that: â€Å"Kingstone’s style of appropriation reveals the boundaries that define the older narrative as fortresses, and the ways these intellectual fortresses mirror other, fortress-like ideological formations† (Shapiro 5). Kingston describes that this residual core of family duties which are performed directly is important because the duties are so often integrally connected with the substructure of role differentiation in general and that of sex roles in particular. The story shows that villagers depend upon the voluntary submission of the family members due to the inculcation of the value system of the society of which they are a part. â€Å"The villagers punished her for acting as if she could have a private life, secret and apart from them† (Kingstone n.d.). There have been cases of sons who have even stood unrestrained and permitted themselves to be beaten nearly to death by their fathers for faults committed. Such extremes are unusual, but they indicate the lengths to which these matters carry. Other factors in the implementation of power and responsibility are the interrelations with other family substructures which bolster their exercise. â€Å"But Maxine has increasing trouble applying this framework to the complexities of her family's story and to the complexities of American and Chinese societies† (Lee 17). It has already been pointed out above that the patterns of economic allocation, role differentiation, and solidarity are intensely important in these respects. This must not be taken to indicate any particular general causal priority of one of these elements over the others. In sum, family structure depends upon and determines economic and social relations dominated in the society. The story â€Å"No Name Women† is a good historical source which helps to understand the role of family in economic relations and social values. Responsibility here means the accountability to other individuals or groups of an individual or individuals for his or their own acts or the acts of others. Social values and strong family relations portray that social action within certain limits is always an extreme, and in a sense it is the symbol of social frustration. Nevertheless, if the family is to function as a unit, it must be possible to see to it that certain requirements are met, by force if necessary, and it must be possible to take a definite person or persons to account if they fail to meet the family values. Works Cited Griffiths, J. Uncanny Spaces: Trauma, Cultural Memory, and the Female Body in Gayl Jones's Corregidora and Maxine Hong Kingston's the Woman Warrior. Studies in the Novel 38 (2006): 353. Kingston, Maxine Hong. No Name Woman. N.d.   2007. Lee, K.H. The Poetics of Liminality and Misidentification: Winnifred Eaton's Me and Maxine Hong Kingston's the Woman Warrior. Studies in the Literary Imagination 37 (2004): 17. Shapiro, E.H. Authentic Watermelon: Maxine Hong Kingston's American Novel. MELUS 26 (2001): 5. Shu, Y. Cultural Politics and Chinese-American Female Subjectivity: Rethinking Kingston's Woman Warrior. MELUS 26 (2001): 199. Stockman, N. Understanding Chinese Society. Polity Press, 2000.

Communication Barriers Essay

Environmental factors can affect the communication between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). Some of these factors provided by older adults included not being familiar with the hospital floor, dark rooms, loud noises, the amount of patients needing attention (especially when their illness is severe), visitors and family and the age difference between the older adult and the nurse (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). The age difference could potentially make a patient feel as though they have very little in common with the nurse (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). It is important that nurses recognize these environmental factors because of the significance of the nurse and patient relationship. Nurse Barriers Four key barriers that impact the patient and nurse relationship are recognized in the results of a questionnaire research project (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). The four barriers include â€Å"working without a sincere attitude, showing no respect to elderly patients, being unfriendly, and transferring a sense of hopelessness to the patient† (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). Ruan and Lambert (2007) continue by mentioning that nurse’s focus more on the communication aspects of physical activity, whereas the patients are more attracted to the physical process of verbal communication. Patient Barriers Three key barriers are established throughout the results of the questionnaire. These results include â€Å"not trusting the nurse, being hearing-impaired, and pretending to understand† (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). The number one barrier of communication differs between the nurses and the older adults. The nurses listed the top barrier to be because the patient is not feeling well and forgets things easily, whereas the patients identified the top barrier to be related to hearing difficulties (Ruan & Lambert, 2007). Resources Understanding the risks involving communication barriers, it is important to be aware of the resources available to give patients the holistic care that they deserve. McCabe (2004) asserted, â€Å"Patient-centered communication has been shown to promote patients’ satisfaction with care, as well as their health status† (as cited in Ruan and Lambert, 2008). Mui et al. (2007) state if an individual is not fluent in the language provided by the Health Care Provider it may cause feelings of humiliation and result in not seeking health care. According to ED Management (2012) language support for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) is obligatory by law if the hospital obtains federal funds. It is suggested that a professional interpreter be present throughout the care of a client to minimize the communication barriers that could result in negative consequences (ED Management, 2012). If the professional interpreter services are not available, insufficient clarification and comprehension can be considered prejudiced towards those in which don’t use English as a first language (Mui et al., 2007). Another resource available would be providing the patient with a social worker to further their care. This would allow the social worker to assess additional needs of medical care, mental health, and other services available (Mui et al., 2007). Additionally, Mui et al. (2007) states that the social workers can access other organizations that could provide the professional interpreter. Having a family member involved in the care of the patient allows for improved communication. Badger, Clarke, Pumphry, and Clifford (2012) suggest that family members take the time to write down words and phrases in both their preferred language along with English to assist in communication when the family is not available. In several situations when a professional interpreter is not available, the family will be asked to interpret to provide the health care professionals with more accurate communication (Badger et al., 2012). Northern Health provides an interpreter service in which you request through your general practitioner when you book an appointment (Northern Health, 2013). The Transcultural and Language Services Department (TALS) provide interpreting services, translation of medical content, along with research and education (Northern Health, 2013). Application of Personal Experience After further research, there are several actions that I will do differently when working with a client that uses English as a second language. I strongly believe that professional translation services must always be available in our health care system despite the need for funding. Reviewing the data related to the number of older adults that use English as a second language, it is essential that translation services be implemented. With this knowledge, I will provide my patient with the information regarding a professional interpreter and see if that is an option they would want involved in their care. Included in the information I would provide to the patient would be that â€Å"addressing language needs of older immigrants would reduce linguistic disparities, improve access to health care, and eventually improve the health status† (Kim et al., 2011). I believe that providing education on the reasons why this resource would be beneficial to their overall health and care would allow the patient to find it more incising rather than feeling humiliated. It is my responsibility as a student nurse to provide additional resources in which are out of my scope of support in order to give the best holistic care for the patient. Delivering information to the patient on the further resources that social workers are able to access may draw further interest to the patient. I feel that involving a social worker would be beneficial to anyone’s care despite the reasoning for being in the hospital. For example, the research provided stated that older adults tend to not reach out to health care resources because they feel humiliated. Providing a social worker would then allow further care whether it involved health care needs, financial assistance, or the use of an interpreter.

Islands in the Stream (c1951) by Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway’s Islands in the Stream (c1951, 1970) was published posthumously and was expurgated by Hemingway’s wife.  A note in the preface states that she removed certain portions of the book which she felt certain that Hemingway would have eliminated himself (which begs the question: Why did he include them in the first place?).  That aside, the story is interesting and is much like his later works, such as (1946-61, 1986).   Originally envisioned as a trilogy of three separate novels, the work was published as a single book separated into three parts, including â€Å"Bimini,† â€Å"Cuba,† and â€Å"At Sea.†Ã‚   Each segment explores a different time period in the main character’s life and also explores different aspects of his life and emotions.  There is one connecting thread throughout the three segments, which is family.   In the first section, â€Å"Bimini,† the main character is visited by his sons and lives with a close male friend.  Their relationship is incredibly interesting, especially considering the homosocial nature of it in contrast to the homophobic comments made by some of the characters. The idea of â€Å"manly love† is certainly a main focus in part one, but this gives way in the second two segments, which are more concerned with themes of grief/recovery and war. Thomas Hudson, the main character, and his good friend, Roger, are the best developed characters in the book, particularly in part one.  Hudson continues to develop throughout and his character is interesting to witness as he struggles to grieve the loss of his loved ones.  Hudson’s sons, too, are delightful. In part two, â€Å"Cuba,† Hudson’s true love becomes a part of the story and she, too, is interesting and very similar to the woman in Garden of Eden. There is much evidence to suggest that these two posthumous works might be his most autobiographical. The minor characters, such as the bartenders, Hudson’s houseboys, and his comrades-in-arms in part three are all well-crafted and believable.   One difference between Islands in the Stream and Hemingway’s other works is in its prose. It is still raw, but not quite so sparse as usual.  His descriptions are more flushed out, even somewhat tortured at times.  There is a moment in the book where Hudson is fishing with his sons, and it is described in such detail (similar to the style in Old Man and the Sea (1952), which was originally conceived as part of this trilogy) and with such deep emotion that a relatively lackadaisical sport like fishing becomes thrilling. There is a kind of magic Hemingway works with his words, his language, and his style. Hemingway is known for his â€Å"masculine† prose – his ability to tell a story without much emotion, without much sap, without any â€Å"flowery nonsense.† This leaves him, throughout most of his chronology, rather walled-off from his works.  In Islands in the Stream, however, as with Garden of Eden, we see Hemingway exposed. There is a sensitive, deeply troubled side to this man and the fact that these books were published only posthumously speaks volumes to his relationship with them.   Islands in the Stream is a delicate exploration of love, loss, family and friendship.   It is a deeply moving tale of a man, an artist, fighting to wake up and live every day, despite his haunting sadness.   Notable Quotes: Out of all the things you could not have there were some that you could have and one of those was to know when you were happy and to enjoy all of it while it was there and it was good (99).   He thought that on the ship he could come to some terms with his sorrow, not knowing, yet, that there are no terms to be made with sorrow.   It can be cured by death and it can be blunted or anesthetized by various things. Time is supposed to cure it, too. But if it is cured by anything less than death, the chances are that it was not true sorrow (195). Theres some wonderful crazies out there. Youll like them (269).

Malcolm X By Any Means Necessary Communication Analysis

Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary Communication Analysis â€Å"We want freedom by any means necessary. We want justice by any means necessary. We want equality by any means necessary.† This famous quote was spoken by African-American Muslim and human rights activist Malcolm X in June of 1964. At this period of time America was going through the era of segregation and the civil rights movement so leaders like Malcolm X wished to bring blacks together to form strong organizations for change. Throughout the speech Malcolm attempts to engage his listeners to his ideas and explain the creation of an organization to increase Black Nationalism. Overall, it was Malcolm X’s plan to enlighten the audience of the creation of The Organization for Afro-American Unity (OAAU), as well as explain the need for justice by any means necessary. He seemed to have a natural structure of presenting by greeting the audience first and then by providing the background on how and why he established the OAAU. X continues later by stating the goals objectives of the organization which fall under the following subtitles: Establishment, Self-Defense, Education, Politics Economics, and Social. Although it is not stated within the speech, it is clear that Malcolm X is speaking from a leader’s standpoint by the audiences’ agreement of his statements and through the events he speaks about. The leader role he plays during the speech is effective because he knows people will listen and the audienceShow MoreRelatedUse Of Communication Techniques Used By Malcolm X2535 Words   |  11 Pages Gurpreet kaur Communications Assessment 1 4956583 Assessment 2 Communications Assessment By Gurpreet kaur Master of Multimedia Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Australia 2014 Subject of Analysis: Malcolm-X Date: 6/10/2014 Little Malcolm was born on May 19, 1925 and was brought by her beautiful mother Louise little into this world. 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Terrorism During The Vietnam War - 826 Words

Throughout the last couple decades, terrorism has become a prominent issue. With the emergence of major terrorist groups stirring up trouble, such as in the Middle East, many people live in fear of these emerging threats. Throughout Vietnam’s long history, there have been many cases of terrorism. During the Vietnam War, the US and other western nations committed many atrocious acts of terror against the Vietnamese population. In 1968, one of the worst acts of terrorism, the My Lai Massacre, occurred in Vietnam. This atrocious act was committed by the US. According to one American soldier during the Vietnam War, â€Å"In the ambushes we killed anything or anybody and a lot of those were VC.† The soldier continued on to say, â€Å"We used claymores on any people, on a boat that passed†¦ snipers were the worst killers who were responsible for at least 600 murders per month†¦Ã¢â‚¬  After the Vietnam war, a new terrorist group emerged from the old South Vietname se group, called the Free Vietnam Revolutionary Group whose primary goal was to target Vietnamese embassies. However, high levels of security allowed Vietnamese ambassadors to survive and prevented casualty occurrences. In 2015, terrorism or terror-related activities were the 6th and 7th top Google searches in Vietnam, indicating the general population’s concern on the effects of terrorism. Vietnam realizes the impact of terrorism and the threat it poses to the world. 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Company Law for Journal of Legal Insight - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCompany Law for Journal of Legal Insight. Answer: Directing Mind and Will The phrase directing mind and will is mainly associated with Lord Denning who interpreted the phrase in the case of H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. The concept was referred by Denning in the case where he identified managers as the brains that play a significant role in corporate decision-making (Gurunay, p. 105). According to Lord Denning, the state of mind of a manager is the companys state of mind. According to Section 124 of the Corporation Act 2001, a limited business company can be regarded as a separate legal entity which possesses similar characteristics as an individual person. A corporation does not have physical existence, but this does not hinder the company from complying with the common and statute laws. The company can be held liable for breaching a contract. In determining the criminal liability of a company, it is imperative to understand the two types of liability which are primary and secondary. A company incurs primary liability when it is deemed to have done wrong by itself (Archibald, Jull Roach 2003). However, it is also imperative to note that a corporation or a company does not have the capability for physical action or possessing an intention or ideas and knowledge which differ from human beings. To understand better the meaning of the phrase Directing mind and will," Lord Denning's ruling in H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. In his ruling, Lord Denning pointed out that the directors and managers of the company were similar to the brain of a human in a corporation which guides it by directing their mind and will. In other words, the companys decisions were directed by the directors and managers, which rendered them guilty as they had also rendered the company guilty. This implies that the phrase simply means that the decisions taken by managers and directors can be considered to be the decisions made by the company since the managers and directors are the "brains of the company, " and the company would act in accordance with their directions. Piercing the Corporate Veil In the Corporation Act 2001, corporations, and LLC are regarded as a legal entity, separate from their owners. The idea to separate owners from the companies was brought by the House of Lords in Salomon V, Salomon. In Salomon v. Salomon Co. Ltd, the House of Lords, affirmed a legal principle that is applicable today that, once a company is incorporated, it is considered as a legal entity that is separate from the legal shareholders and owners (Salomon v Salomon Co. 1897). The concept of separate legal entity has been applied in the Australian Corporate law for over hundreds of years. This legal principle allows companies to act in their own right and not on the basis of their controllers (Ramsay Noakes 2001). Shareholders, on the other hand, cannot be held liable for the debts of a company beyond their capital investment. This is what is referred to as the corporate veil. With time, the legal courts have appreciated the fact that the companys corporate veil can be pierced to deprive the shareholders the protection against the companys liability as offered by the limited liability principle. "Piercing the corporate veil," therefore, refers to a situation where the courts disregard the limited liability principle and hold a shareholder or a director personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation as if it were the actions of the shareholders or directors. In this case, the court disregards the separateness of the shareholder from the corporation. Such instances arise when the company or the shareholder request a court to do so due to some circumstance that may necessitate such an action. List of References Archibald, T., Jull, K. and Roach, K., 2003. The changed face of corporate criminal liability. Crim. LQ, 48, p.367. Corporation Act 2001 Gurunay, P. The directing mind and will test in corporate criminal liability. International journal of legal insight. Vol 1 (3). H.L Bolton Co. Ltd v. T.J. Graham and Sons Ltd. 1957 Ramsay, I. and Noakes, D.B., 2001. Piercing the corporate veil in Australia. Salomon v Salomon Co. 1897. AC 22 (Salomon).

PVA and Sodium Borate Crosslinks Essay Sample free essay sample

A 5 to 1 ratio of PVA and Na borate creates crosslinks with the polymer to bring forth a ball-like solid without compromising the coveted ability to resile. stretch and maintain form through utmost temperature. Introduction:Polyvinyl intoxicant is a polymer that when combined with Na borate creates covalent crosslinking bonds between the polymers. which change the solution from a liquid into a jelly-like solid that can be formed into a ball. 2 A polymer is a concatenation made of units combined in the same linkage throughout the full substance. 2 Polymers are used extensively in today’s universe to make paper. motorcycle tyres. plastic. PVC and many other family common points. 3 The bonds in the polymer are cross-linked ; therefore the ball should be flexible and have the ability to stretch well. 2 Due to the fact that the Na borate is the solution that causes hydrogen bonds. which do non keep the ball together. we can presume that the greater sums of Na borate will do the ball to hold unsought belongingss and fall apart. We will write a custom essay sample on PVA and Sodium Borate Crosslinks Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? By maintaining the sum of borax used changeless and altering the sum of PVA the experiment should demo which ratio is better suited for the end of making a ball. The ball needed to be able to resile. non fall apart. be flexible but come back to its original form after stretching. be atoxic. odorless. and easy to do in order to take down fabrication costs. After happening the top two ratios they will be tested in cold and hot conditions that are similar to the countries in which the balls will be shipped. The ice bath represents Alaska and the hot bath represents New Mexico. The undermentioned image shows the crosslinking between the PVA and Na borate. The borate ion has bonded with the hydroxyl ( OH ) groups of the polymer and links them together. ? The molecular expression of PVA is [ -CH2CHOH- ] N and the chemical construction of Na borate is Na2B4O7. DiagramBorate ions crosslinking with the PVA ironss. While executing the experiment safety goggles should be worn at all times and baseball mitts should be worn at all times while pouring the solutions and managing the gel. Do non savor the gel or acquire it on your apparels because it can stain. ? Procedure for Experiment 1: 1. In three separate 10 milliliter graduated cylinders step out 10 milliliters PVA. 8 mL PVA and 6 milliliter PVA. 2. In three separate 10 milliliter graduated cylinders step out 2 milliliters sodium borate. 2 mL Na borate and 2 milliliter Na borate. 3. In one 250 milliliter beaker combine 10 milliliter PVA and 2 milliliter Na borate. 4. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. Put to the side. 5. In a 250 milliliter beaker combine 8 milliliter PVA and 2 milliliter Na borate. 6. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. Put to the side. 7. In a 250 milliliter beaker combine 6 milliliter PVA and 2 milliliter Na borate. 8. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. Put to the side. 9. Taking the first beaker that is keeping the 10 milliliter PVA and 2 milliliter Na borate scoop out the contents with your manus and for 20 seconds roll your custodies together to organize a ball with the gel. 10. Test its bou nciness ability by dropping it on the tabular array and utilizing a swayer mensurating how high it bounced. Record. 11. Test its ability to stretch by keeping it between two fingers and swinging above the tabular array. Use a swayer to enter how long it stretches before interrupting. Record. 12. Repeat stairss 9-11 with the other two beakers and their contents. After seeing the consequence we decided to seek one more ratio that had the lowest sum of Na borate. 1. In a calibrated cylinder step out 6 milliliters PVA. 2. in a calibrated cylinder step out 1 milliliters sodium borate.3. In a 250 milliliter beaker combine the 6 milliliters PVA with the 1 milliliter Na borate. 4. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. 5. Scoop out the contents by manus and for 20 seconds roll your custodies together to organize a ball with the gel. 6. Test its bounciness ability and stretch ability like the old experiment. Record. Procedure for Experiment 2: Making the Balls:1. Measure out 6 milliliters of PVA into a calibrated cylinder. step out 10 milliliter PVA into another graduated cylinder. 2. Measure out 2 milliliters of Na borate into a calibrated cylinder. step out 1 milliliters sodium borate into another graduated cylinder. 3. In one 250 milliliter beaker pour the 6 milliliter PVA so add the 1 milliliter Na borate. 4. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. Put to the side. 5. In one 250 milliliter beaker pour the 10 milliliter PVA and so add the 2 milliliter Na borate. 6. For a minute hold the beaker and twirl it so the contents can unite. Put to the side. 7. Repeat stairss 1-6. This will ensue in two balls of the 6 milliliter PVA and 1 milliliter Na borate and two balls of the 10 milliliter PVA and 2 milliliter Na borate. Ice Bath: 1. While the contents are resting set up an ice bath. in a 400 milliliter beaker fill middle with ice and so add H2O to the top marker. 2. Put up a thermometer base and lodge the terminal of the thermometer into the ice H2O. 3. The H2O should be at 1Â °C. Keep ticker of the thermometer readings and add ice to maintain it at a steady temperature. 4. Using the beaker with the solution of 10 milliliters PVA and 2 milliliter borax. lift out out the contents with your custodies and for 30 seconds roll it into a ball. 5. Once the ball is formed topographic point it into the ice bath that should be at 1Â °C. 6. Let sit for 2 proceedingss and record any alterations you observe. 7. With your custodies pull the ball out of the ice bath. Record any alterations in the manner it feels. 8. Test its resiling ability by dropping it a foot high above the tabular array and utilizing to ruler to mensurate the tallness it bounced. record observations. 9. Keep the ball in one manus and see how far it s tretches utilizing a swayer when allowed to swing. Record. 10. Repeats steps 1-6 utilizing the solution of 6 milliliters PVA and 1 milliliter borax. Heat Home plate: 1. While your contents are resting set up a hot bath. in a 400 milliliter beaker fill to the top marker with H2O. 2. Topographic point beaker on a hot home base and set to a scene of four. 3. Put up a thermometer base and lodge the terminal of the thermometer into the H2O. 4. The H2O should be at 35Â °C. set the heat scene as the experiment continues in order to maintain it at a steady temperature. 5. Using the 2nd beaker with the solution of 10 milliliters PVA and 2 milliliter borax. lift out out the contents with your custodies and for 30 seconds roll it into a ball. 6. Once the ball is formed topographic point it into the hot bath that should be at 35Â °C. 7. Let sit for 2 proceedingss and record any alterations you observe. 8. With your custodies and a stick if needed pull the ball out of the ice back. Record any alterations. 9. Test its resiling ability by dropping it from a pes above the tabular array and utilizing a swayer to mensurate the tallness it bounces. record observa tions. 10. Keep the ball in one manus and see how far it stretches utilizing a swayer when allowed to swing. Record. 11. Repeat stairss 1-6 utilizing the solution of 6 milliliters PVA and 1 milliliter borax. 10 Minute Cold Water Experiment: 1. Fill two 400 milliliter beakers halfway with ice. so to the top line with H2O. 2. Put up two thermometers. set one thermometer into each beaker. 3. The temperature should be at 1Â °C. add more ice as needed throughout the experiment so the temperature is steady. 4. Take both the 10 milliliter PVA: 2 milliliter Borax ball and the 6 milliliter PVA: 1 milliliter Borax ball from the old cold H2O experiment and set them into their separate beakers. ( Make sure to take note which ball goes into which beaker ) 5. Let sit for 10 proceedingss entering any alterations. do certain temperature is changeless. 6. Remove both balls from the H2O with custodies. 7. Perform the bounciness trial on each. record.8. Perform the stretch trial on each. record.Datas:Experiment 1: Finding the Best RatioSolution| Color/Texture| Bounce Test| Stretch Test| Other Observations| 10 milliliter PVA2 milliliter borax| Clear/cold to touch and gelatinlike | Bounced 2 inches| 14 inches| In the beaker formed a gel but with liquid left over environing it. Went back into its ball form after being stretched. Didn’t stick to custodies or tabular array. | 8 milliliter PVA2 milliliter borax| Clear/cold to touch and gelatinous| Bounced 1 inch| 7-1/2 inches| In the beaker formed a gel but with liquid left over. had less liquid than the 10 PVA: 2 Borax solution. Fell apart after being stretched. | 6 milliliter PVA2 milliliter borax| Clear/cold to touch and gelatinous| Did non bounce| 2 inches| Formed into a jelly with no liquid left over. stuck to bottom of container and doesn’t move about. Stretched 2 inches and stuck to baseball mitts. | 6 milliliter PVA1 milliliter borax| Clear with little white coloring/cold to touch and gelatinous| Bounced 2 inches| 11 inches ( but stretched really easy ) | Formed a gel with really small liquid left over. after stretching it formed back into a ball. In experiment one we foremost believed that the ratio of 6:2 ( PVA to SB ) would be the best because it had no liquid left over which means we wouldn’t be blowing solution. However when organizing the ball the solid absorbed the liquid and formed a ball that could be flexible and ductile. From experiment one we concluded the two best ratios were of the 5:1 and 6:1 and were traveling to be tested for their behaviour in utmost temperatures. Experiment 2: Testing Exposure to Cold ( Alaska )Solution| Time in Ice Bath| Color/Texture| Bounce Test| Stretch Test| Other Observations| 10 milliliter PVA. 2 mL Borax| 2 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /slimy| Doesn’t bounce| 15 cm| Slightly breaks when bounced. but instantly comes back together. as it warms up from custodies it starts to be able to resile once more. Within a minute of room temperature it is back to normal. | 6 milliliter PVA. 1 mL Borax| 2 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /slimy| Bounces really somewhat. 1 inch| 30 cm| Slightly breaks when bounced ( but non every bit much as 10:2 ball ) . but instantly comes back together. as it warms up from custodies it starts to be able to resile once more. Within a minute of room temperature it is back to normal. By proving for cold for two proceedingss we saw how each ball would respond when in the cold for a short period of clip. such as if a child was walking from the auto into the house. Both were satisfactory and able to come back to its original form and belongingss. Testing Exposure to Heat ( New Mexico ) Solution| Time in Hot Bath| Color/Texture| Bounce Test| Stretch Test| Other Observations| 10 milliliter PVA. 2 mL Borax| 2 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /very slimy. gooey| Can non finish bounciness test| Can non finish stretch test| Turned to goo about instantly. sinks to bottom into an egg-shaped form. can non be pulled out because it merely falls apart into the water| 6 milliliter PVA. 1 mL Borax| 2 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /very slimy. gooey| Can non finish bounciness test| Can non finish stretch test| Turned to goo about instantly. sinks to bottom into an egg-shaped form. can non be pulled out because it merely falls apart into the water| By proving for heat we were able to find if the balls could manage the temperature of New Mexico where they were being shipped from. From the consequences we can reason that neither of the ratios are able to keep their form when exposed to higher temperatures. Testing Drawn-out Exposure to ColdSolution| Time in Ice Bath| Color/Texture| Bounce Test| Stretch Test| Other Observations| 10 milliliter PVA. 2 mL Borax| 10 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /slimy| Doesn’t bounce| 32 cm| When bounced it instantly breaks and doesn’t come back together on its ain. it can be rolled back into a ball form for the stretch trial. As it warms up it begins to be able to resile once more. | 6 milliliter PVA. 1 mL Borax| 10 minutes| Same colour ( clear ) /slimy| Bounces really somewhat. 1 inch| 45 cm| Slightly breaks when bounced ( but non every bit much as 10:2 ball ) . but instantly comes back together. as it warms up from custodies it starts to be able to resile once more. Within a minute of room temperature it is back to normal. | By maintaining the balls in the H2O for an drawn-out sum of clip we were able to see how cold affected their belongingss. The 6:1 ratio was somewhat stronger and maintained and regained its form faster. Decision: By uniting legion ratios of PVA and borax the most effectual combination was of the 6 milliliter of PVA and 1 milliliter borax. It non merely uses the least sum of each solution which would optimise fabrication costs but it retains its ability to resile and stretch when put through extreme cold temperatures. However this merchandise will non work good in hot countries such as New Mexico. The heat from the H2O caused the viscousness of the merchandise to alter ; it fell apart in the H2O and could non be handled. it merely slips off of the setup being used to draw it out. Once the H2O is poured out of the beaker and the merchandise was allowed to chill it lodge to the surface it was on and did non travel back to its original ball-like form. Originally the combination of 6 milliliters PVA and 2 milliliter borax was believed to be the best combination because it did non hold liquid left over in its beaker ; nevertheless the borax caused the merchandise to lose some of its belongingss tha t come from the polymer PVA. It lost its flexibleness wouldn’t signifier into a proper ball. Research: Polymers. particularly polyvinyl intoxicant. are highly utile in today’s universe and in medical specialty. By utilizing the known belongingss of PVA scientists can expect how it will respond with other solutions and utilize these hypothesis’ to develop new merchandises. That is what we did in this lab. cognizing Na borate creates crosslinks with the ironss in PVA we were able to plan a ball that could keep its form but remain ductile. In today’s scientific discipline PVA is being used to make transdermic spots. encapsulation of systems that deliver drugs and in dressing of lesions. Citing: 1Nuffield Foundation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nuffieldfoundation. org/practical-chemistry/pva-polymer-slime 2RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rsc. org/Education/EiC/issues/2005_Jan/exhibition. asp 3Materials Science. hypertext transfer protocol: //dsc. find. com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/polymer-based-products-you-use-every-day. htm ?Basque Research. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. basqueresearch. com/berria_irakurri. asp? Berri_Kod=3894 A ; hizk=I ?Slime A ; Superballs. hypertext transfer protocol: //icn2. umeche. Maine. edu/newnav/Homepage/Highschool/Slime/lecpolymers2. htm 6Science of Slime. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ccmr. Cornell. edu/education/modules/documents/ScienceofSlime_student. pdf